Aqueous resin based inkjet inks

ABSTRACT

An aqueous dispersion of a capsule composed of a polymeric shell surrounding a core, the shell comprising a silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof covalently bonded to the polymer of the shell. The aqueous dispersion can be used in an aqueous inkjet ink composition

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to aqueous dispersions of capsules for use in aqueous based inkjet inks, more specifically pigment based aqueous inkjet inks suitable for digital textile printing.

BACKGROUND

In textile printing, there is a clear evolution from classical textile printing technologies such as screen printing towards digital printing. Additionally, there is a tendency to go from dye based inks to pigment based inks. Pigment based inks hold the promise of being compatible with different fibres, both natural fibres such as cellulose base fibres e.g. in cotton and synthetic fibres such as polyester and polyimide. Pigment based inks also allow to print on mixed fibre fabrics.

To bind the pigments to the different types of fibre, reactive binder technology has to be introduced into the inks. In order to incorporate reactive chemistry into water based inks encapsulation based approaches have been disclosed (WO2015158654, WO2016165956). Encapsulation based approaches are targeted at industrial applications such as digital printing on textile (WO2015158592), where a high reliability and stability has to be combined with a low cost. In order to maximize colloidal stability in the ink, so called self dispersing pigments have to be used. Self dispersing pigments have to be manufactured by surface modification of pigments leading to significantly more expensive pigments compared to pigment dispersions conventionally used in industrial applications. This limits the transfer from conventional production methods to more flexible and more sustainable digital production methods.

Therefore, there is a need for resin based ink technologies based on standard pigment dispersions.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is the objective of the present invention to provide a solution to the above stated problem. The objective has been achieved by providing a dispersion of capsules composed of a polymeric shell surrounding a core, the shell comprising a silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof covalently bonded to the polymer of the shell.

It is further an object of the present invention to provide an inkjet ink comprising the capsules of claim 1 as defined in claim 9.

It is another embodiment of the invention to provide a printing method using inkjet inks comprising capsules of claim 1 as defined in claim 14.

Other features, elements, steps, characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention. Specific embodiments of the invention are also defined in the dependent claims.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

A. Capsule Dispersion

A.1. Capsule

The capsules in the dispersion according to the invention are composed of a polymeric shell surrounding a core. The shell comprises a silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof, covalently bonded to the polymer of the shell. The core preferably contains one or more chemical reactants capable of forming a reaction product upon application of heat and/or light. The one or more chemical reactants in the core and capable of forming a reaction product upon application of heat and/or light are preferably thermal crosslinkers, more preferably blocked isocyanates. The polymer of the shell is a polymer preferably selected from the group consisting of polyureas, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes and melamine based polymers and copolymers thereof.

Preferably, the silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof is covalently bonded to the polymer of the shell of the capsule by means of reacting an alkoxysilane with the shell polymer. During the reaction, which takes place in aqueous medium (see § A. 2) the alkoxysilane is hydrolyzed to a silanol containing compound which can further dehydrate to form condensation products thereof.

Preferbly the alkoxysilane used in the invention is according to the general Formula I

Wherein

R₁ represents a structural moiety functionalized with a functional group capable of reacting with the shell polymer.

R₂ is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.

In a further preferred embodiment, said functional group capable of reacting with the shell polymer is selected from the group consisting of an amine, a thiol, a hydroxyl group and an isocyanate, an amine being particularly preferred.

Particularly preferred alkoxysilanes are given in Table 1 without being limited thereto.

TABLE 1

SIL-1

SIL-2

SIL-3

SIL-4

SIL-5

SIL-6

SIL-7

SIL-8

In another preferred embodiment, said shell has been prepared by interfacial polymerization. In a further preferred embodiment said shell, prepared by interfacial polymerization, includes a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyureas, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes and melamine based polymers or mixtures thereof.

In an even more preferred embodiment, said shell further comprises at least one dispersing group covalently coupled to said shell polymer. Said dispersing group is preferably selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid or salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or salt thereof, a phosphoric acid ester or a salt thereof and a phosphonic acid or salt thereof. In a further preferred embodiment said dispersing group is selected from the group consisting of a protonated amine, a protonated nitrogen containing heteroaromatic compound, a quaternized tertiary amine, a N-quaternized heteroaromatic compound, a sulfonium and a phosphonium. Sulfonic acids or salts thereof, carboxylic acids or salts thereof and quaternized tertiary amines are particularly preferred dispersing groups.

In a further preferred embodiment, the weight percentage of the functionalized silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof in the shell is preferably between 1 and 25 wt. %, more preferably between 2 and 20 wt. % and most preferably between 4 and 15 wt. % relative to the total weight of the shell.

A.2. Encapsulation Technologies

The capsule dispersion according to the invention are made by an encapsulation process to encapsulate the one or more chemical reactants capable of forming a reaction product upon application of heat and/or light, more preferably a thermal curing compound, most preferably a blocked isocyanate, together with the incorporation of a silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof into the polymeric shell.

Encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a shell to give small capsules. The material inside the capsule is referred to as the core or the internal phase, whereas the shell is sometimes called a wall.

Microcapsules can be prepared using both chemical and physical methods. Encapsulation methodologies include complex coacervation, liposome formation, spray drying and precipitation and polymerisation methods. For technological applications, interfacial polymerisation is a particularly preferred technology, which has recently been reviewed by Zhang Y. and Rochefort D. (Journal of Microencapsulation, 29(7), 636-649 (2012) and by Salaün F. (in Encapsulation Nanotechnologies, Vikas Mittal (ed.), chapter 5, 137-173 (Scrivener Publishing LLC (2013)).

In the present invention, preferably a polymerization method is used as it allows the highest control in designing the capsules. More preferably interfacial polymerization is used to prepare the capsules used in the invention. This technique is well-known and has recently been reviewed by Zhang Y. and Rochefort D. (Journal of Microencapsulation, 29(7), 636-649 (2012) and by Salitin (in Encapsulation Nanotechnologies, Vikas Mittal (ed.), chapter 5, 137-173 (Scrivener Publishing LLC (2013)).

Interfacial polymerisation is a particularly preferred technology for the preparation of capsules according to the present invention. In interfacial polymerization, such as interfacial polycondensation, two reactants meet at the interface of the emulsion droplets and react rapidly.

In general, interfacial polymerisation requires the dispersion of an oleophilic phase in an aqueous continuous phase or vice versa. Each of the phases contains at least one dissolved monomer (a first shell component) that is capable of reacting with another monomer (a second shell component) dissolved in the other phase. Upon polymerisation, a polymer is formed that is insoluble in both the aqueous and the oleophilic phase. As a result, the formed polymer has a tendency to precipitate at the interface of the oleophilic and aqueous phase, hereby forming a shell around the dispersed phase, which grows upon further polymerisation.

The capsules according to the present invention are preferably prepared from an oleophilic dispersion in an aqueous continuous phase. In order to incorporate a reactant capable of forming a reaction product upon application of light and/or heat, more preferably a thermal crosslinker, most preferably a blocked isocyanate into the core, it is added together with a first shell compound. In order to incorporate the silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof in the shell of the capsule, the alkoxysilane is preferably dissolved in the aqueous phase together with a second shell compound.

After the formation of the capsules, dispersants such as surfactants or water-soluble polymers can be added to achieve an aqueous dispersion comprising the capsules of the invention, that shows no precipitation or coagulation upon storage for extended time or higher temperature.

A.3. Polymeric Shell

Typical polymeric shells of the capsules according to the invention and formed by interfacial polymerisation are selected from the group consisting of polyamides, typically prepared from di- or poly-acid chlorides as first shell component and di- or oligoamines as second shell component, polyurea, typically prepared from di- or oligoisocyanates as first shell component and di- or oligoamines as second shell component, polyurethanes, typically prepared from di- or oligoisocyanates as first shell component and di- or oligoalcohols as second shell component, polysulfonamides, typically prepared from di- or oligosulfochlorides as first shell component and di- or oligoamines as second shell component, polyesters, typically prepared from di- or oligo-acid chlorides as first shell component and di- or oligoalcohols as second shell component and polycarbonates, typically prepared from di- or oligo-chloroformates as first shell component and di- or oligoalcohols as second shell component. The shell can be composed of combinations of these polymers.

In a further embodiment, polymers, such as gelatine, chitosan, albumin and polyethylene imine can be used as second shell components in combination with a di- or oligio-isocyanate, a di- or oligo acid chloride, a di- or oligo-chioroformate and an epoxy resin as first shell component.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the shell is composed of a polyurethane, a polyurea or a combination thereof. In a further preferred embodiment, a water immiscible solvent is used in the dispersion step, which is removed by solvent stripping before or after the shell formation. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the water immiscible solvent has a boiling point below 100° C. at normal pressure. Esters are particularly preferred as water immiscible solvent.

In a most preferred embodiment, the capsules are self-dispersing capsules. In order to make capsules self-dispersing, anionic dispersing groups, such as carboxylic acids or salts thereof, or cationic dispersing groups, such as quaternary ammonium salts, may be coupled covalently to the polymeric shell of the capsule to guarantee the dispersion stability.

A preferred strategy to incorporate anionic stabilizing groups into the polymeric shell of a nanocapsule makes use of carboxylic acid functionalized reactive surfactants that are capable of reacting with isocyanates. This leads to an amphoteric type of surfactant containing at least partially secondary or primary amines. Other reactive surfactants functionalized with a sulfonic acid or salt thereof, a phosphoric acid ester or a salt thereof or a phosphonic acid or salt thereof can be used.

Several amphoteric surfactants, being mixtures of surfactants partially having secondary amines but also comprising tertiary amines are commercially available. Prohibitive foam formation in ink jet inks based on nanocapsules made by using the commercially available amphoteric surfactants was encountered in an inkjet printer. Foaming caused problems in the ink supply and also in the degassing for trying to remove air from the ink, thus leading to unreliable jetting. Therefore, surfactants according to Formula (I) of WO2016/165970 are preferably used during the encapsulation process of the chemical reactants capable of forming reactants upon application of heat and/or light, preferably a thermal crosslinker, more preferably a blocked isocyanate.

Incorporating cationic stabilizing groups into the polymeric shell of a nanocapsule for use in a pre-treatment liquid or cationic based inkjet ink (as disclosed in the unpublished patent application EP17204545.2), makes use of coupling a surfactant with a cationic dispersing group to the shell of the nanocapsules according to the present invention by reaction of a surfactant comprising at least one primary or secondary amine group and at least a group selected from protonated amine, a protonated nitrogen containing heteroaromatic compound, a quaternized tertiary amine, a N-quaternized heteroaromatic compound, a sulfonium and a phosphonium with an isocyanate monomer of the shell. In an even more preferred embodiment said surfactant is a surfactant according to Formula II.

wherein

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group and a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group with the proviso that R₁ comprises at least eight carbon atoms;

R₂, R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, a substituted or unsubsituted alkaryl group and a substituted or unsubstituted (hetero)aryl group

L₁ represents a divalent linking group comprising no more than eight carbon atoms;

X represents a counterion to compensate the positive charge of the ammonium group.

The capsules of the invention have an average particle size of no more than 4 μm as determined by dynamic laser diffraction. The nozzle diameter of inkjet print heads is usually 20 to 35 μm. Reliable inkjet printing is possible if the average particle size of the capsules is five times smaller than the nozzle diameter. An average particle size of no more than 4 μm allows jetting by print heads having the smallest nozzle diameter of 20 μm. In a more preferred embodiment, the average particle size of the capsules is ten times smaller than the nozzle diameter. Hence preferably, the average particle size is from 0.05 to 2 μm, more preferably from 0.10 to 1 μm. When the average particle size of the capsule is smaller than 2 μm, excellent resolution and dispersion stability with time are obtained.

In a further embodiment, the aqueous medium of the dispersion of the present invention may further comprise a catalyst to activate said thermally reactive chemistry. The catalyst is preferably selected from the group consisting of a Brönsted acid, a Lewis acid and thermal acid generator. Said catalyst can be present in the aqueous continuous phase, in the core of the capsule or in a separate dispersed phase.

A.4. Core of the Capsule

The one or more chemical reactants in the core and capable of forming a reaction product upon application of heat and/or light are preferably thermal crosslinkers, more preferably blocked isocyanates.

The synthesis of blocked isocyanates is well-known to the skilled person and has been reviewed by Wicks D. A. and Wicks Z. W. Jr. (Progress in Organic Coatings, 36, 148-172 (1999)) and Delebecq et al. (Chem; Rev., 113, 80-118 (2013)). Classic blocked isocyanates are defined as chemical components that are capable of forming isocyanates from a precursor upon thermal treatment. In general, the reaction can be summarized as given in scheme 1 below,

LV represents a leaving group

The activation temperature, also called deblocking temperature, is dependent on the leaving group and is selected dependent on the application. Suitable isocyanate precursors are given below having a variable deblockinq temperature between 100° C. and 180° C.,

Active methylene compounds as blocking agents are widely used as alternatives for classic blocked isocyanates, operating via an alternative reaction pathway, not yielding an intermediate isocyanate but crosslinking the system via ester formation as disclosed in Progress in Organic Coatings, 36, 148-172 (1999), paragraph 3.8. Suitable examples of active methylene group blocked isocyanates are given below:

In a preferred embodiment, the blocked isocyanate can be an oligomeric blocked isocyanate having a number average molecular weight of 5000 or less, more preferably less than 4000 and most preferably less than 3000.

In a preferred embodiment, said blocked isocyanate has a structure according to General Structure III.

wherein

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkaryl group and a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.

A represents a difunctional oligomeric group selected from the group consisting of an oligo-ether, an oligo-ester, an oligo-carbonate, a butadiene oligomer, a hydrogenated butadiene oligomer, an isoprene oligomer, a silicone oligomer and combinations thereof.

In an even more preferred embodiment, R₁ represents an alkyl group, a C1 to C4 alkyl group being more preferred, an ethyl group being the most preferred.

In a preferred embodiment said poly-ether oligomers preferably contain 3 to 50 repeating units, more preferably 5 to 40 repeating units and most preferably 6 to 30 repeating units. Said poly-ester based oligomer preferably contains 2 to 20 repeating units, more preferably 3 to 15 repeating units and most preferably 4 to 10 repeating units. Said polysiloxane based oligomer preferably contains 3 to 40 repeating units, more preferably 5 to 30 repeating units and most preferably 6 to 20 repeating units. Said polycarbonate based oligomer preferably contains 3 to 30 repeating units, more preferably 4 to 20 repeating units and most preferably 5 to 15 repeating units. Said polybutadiene, hydrogenated polybutadiene and polyisoprene based oligomers preferably contain 3 to 50 repeating units, 5 to 40 repeating units and most preferably 6 to 30 repeating units. Oligomers containing different oligomeric repeating units preferably contain 60 repeating units or less, more preferably 50 repeating units or less and most preferably 30 repeating units or less.

Typical examples of oligomeric blocked isocyanates according to the present invention are given in Table 1 of the unpublished patent application PCT/EP2018/051460.

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention a silicone containing compound is present in the core of the capsule together with a blocked isocyanate, more preferably together with an oligomeric blocked isocyanate. Most preferably, the silicone containing compound is a Poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-(2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl)methylsiloxane] or Poly(dimethylsiloxane), diglycidyl ether terminated and is present in the core together with an oligo-ether blocked isocyanate.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the silicone containing compound is coupled with a blocked isocyanate. By coupling the silicone containing compound with a blocked isocyanate before adding the isocyanate (first shell component), the silicone containing compound can not react with the isocyanate or other reactive first shell component.

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, the silicone containing compound is a compound further containing an epoxy group. Silicone containing compounds further containing an epoxy group have the advantage that they do not react immediately with the isocyanate during the capsule synthesis. Most preferably poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-(2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl)methylsiloxane] or poly(dimethylsiloxane), diglycidyl ether terminated are used together with a blocked isocyanate.

A.5. Solvent

The capsules according to the invention are dispersed into an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium consists of water, but may preferably include one or more water-soluble organic solvents.

The one or more organic solvents may be added for a variety of reasons. For example, it can be advantageous to add a small amount of an organic solvent to improve the dissolution of a compound in the pre-treatment liquid or inkjet ink to be prepared. Preferable water-soluble organic solvents are polyols (e.g., ethylene glycol, glycerin, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1 ,3-propanediol, tetraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, butyleneglycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 3-methyl1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl1,3-butanediol, and 2-methyl1,3-propanediol), amines (e.g., ethanolamine, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol), monohydric alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and butanol), alkyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols (e.g., diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether), 2,2′thiodiethanol, amides (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide), heterocycles (e.g., 2-pyrrolidone and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), and acetonitrile.

B. Aqueous Formulations Comprising the Dispersion of the Invention.

B.1. Pre-treatment Liquid for Textile Printing

Aqueous pre-treatment liquids for treating textile fabrics before printing aqueous colorant containing inks onto the fabric may comprise the dispersion of capsules composed of a polymeric shell surrounding a core, wherein the core contains one or more chemical reactants capable of forming a reaction product upon application of heat and/or light, preferably a thermal curing compound, more preferably a blocked isocyanate and wherein the shell further comprises a silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof covalently bonded to the shell. The aqueous medium contains water, but may include one or more water-soluble organic solvents. Suitable organic solvents are described in § A.5. If present in the pre-treatment liquid, then the capsules are preferably in an amount of no more than 30 wt. %, preferably between 5 and 25 wt. % based on the total weight of the pre-treatment liquid. From the capsules comprising a silicone containing compound, the ones having a polymeric shell comprising a silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof covalently bonded to the shell are particularly preferred.

The pre-treatment liquid may also contain humectants. Humectants are preferably incorporated in the pre-treatment liquid if this liquid has to be applied by means of a jetting technique such as inkjet or valve jet. Humectants prevent the clogging of nozzles. The prevention is due to its ability to slow down the evaporation rate of the pre-treatment liquid, especially the water in the liquid. The humectant is preferably an organic solvent having a higher boiling point than water. Suitable humectants include triacetin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, glycerol, urea, thiourea, ethylene urea, alkyl urea, alkyl thiourea, dialkyl urea and dialkyl thiourea, diols, including ethanediols, propanediols, propanetriols, butanediols, pentanediols, and hexanediols; glycols, including propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. A preferred humectant is glycerol.

The humectant is preferably added to the liquid formulation in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt. % based on the total weight of the liquid.

A multivalent metal ion can be contained in the pre-treatment liquid as a flocculant. Suitable examples are water-soluble metal salts formed from bi- or higher valent metal cations, such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zirconium, and aluminum, and anions, such as a fluoride ion (F⁻), a chloride ion (Cl⁻), a bromide ion (Br⁻) , a sulfate ion (S0₄ ²⁻), a nitrate ion (NO₃ ⁻), and an acetate ion (CH₃COO⁻).

These polyvalent metal ions have a function of aggregating ink by acting on the carboxyl groups on the surface of the pigment in the ink jet ink, or on the dispersed polymer of nanocapsules contained in the ink. As a result, the ink remains on the surface of the textile fabric to improve the colour-developing property. Therefore, it is preferred that the surface of the pigment in the ink and/or the dispersed polymer of the nanocapsules contained in the ink have a carboxyl group.

The pre-treatment may also contain organic acids as a flocculant. Preferred examples of the organic acids include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, propionic acid, and lactic acid.

The pre-treatment liquid may further contain a resin emulsion as a flocculant. Examples of the resin include, but are not limited to, starches derived from, for instance, maize and wheat; cellulosic materials such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxymethyl cellulose; polysaccharide such as sodium alginate, gum arabic, locust bean gum, trant gum, guar gum, and tamarindus indica seed; proteins such as gelatine and casein; water-soluble naturally occurring polymers such as tannin and lignin; and synthetic water-soluble polymers such as polymers comprising polyvinyl alcohol, polymers comprising polyethylene oxide, polymers formed from acrylic acid monomers, and polymers formed from maleic anhydride monomers. Very suitable resins are acrylic polymers as described in EP2362014 [0027-0030]. The resin content is preferably not more than 20 wt. % relative to the total mass of the pre-treatment liquid (100 mass %).

The pre-treatment liquid may contain a surfactant. Any known surfactant may be used but preferably a glycol surfactant and/or an acetylene alcohol surfactant. The use of the acetylene glycol surfactant and/or the acetylene alcohol surfactant further reduces bleeding to improve printing quality, and also improves the drying property in printing to allow high-speed printing.

The acetylene glycol surfactant and/or the acetylene alcohol surfactant is preferably one or more selected from 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decine-4,7-diol, alkylene oxide adducts of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decine-4,7-dial, 2,4-dimethyl-5-decin-4-ol, and alkylene oxide adducts of 2,4-dimethyl-5-decin-4-ol. These are available, for example, from Air Products (GB) as Olfine (registered trademark) 104 series and E series, such as Olfine E1 010, or from Nissin Chemical Industry as Surfynol (registered trademark) 465 and Surfynol 61.

The pre-treatment liquid may also contain pigments. Particularly useful for printing on dark textile is a pre-treatment liquid containing a white pigment. The preferred pigment for the aqueous pre-treatment liquid ink is titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide (TlO₂) pigment useful in the present invention may be in the rutile or anatase crystalline form. Processes for making TiO₂ are described in greater detail in “The Pigment Handbook”, Vol. I, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, NY (1988), the relevant disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes as if fully set forth.

The titanium dioxide particles can have a wide variety of average particle sizes of about 1 micron or less, depending on the desired end use application of the pre-treatment liquid. For applications demanding high hiding or decorative printing applications, the titanium dioxide particles preferably have an average size of less than about I μm. Preferably, the particles have an average size of from about 50 to about 950 nm, more preferably from about 75 to about 750 nm, and still more preferably from about 100 to about 500 nm.

For applications demanding white colour with some degree of transparency, the pigment preference is “nano” titanium dioxide. “Nano” titanium dioxide particles typically have an average size ranging from about 10 to about 200 nm, preferably from about 20 to about 150 nm, and more preferably from about 35 to about 75 nm. An ink comprising nano titanium dioxide can provide improved chroma and transparency, while still retaining good resistance to light fade and appropriate hue angle. A commercially available example of an uncoated nano grade of titanium oxide is P-25, available from Degussa (Parsippany N.J.).

In addition, unique advantages may be realized with multiple particle sizes, such as opaqueness and UV protection. These multiple sizes can be achieved by adding both a pigmentary and a nano grade of TiO₂.

The titanium dioxide is preferably incorporated into the pre-treatment formulation via a slurry concentrate composition. The amount of titanium dioxide present in the slurry composition is preferably from about 15 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, based on the total slurry weight.

The titanium dioxide pigment may also bear one or more metal oxide surface coatings. These coatings may be applied using techniques known by those skilled in the art. Examples of metal oxide coatings include silica, alumina, aluminasilica, boria and zirconia, among others. These coatings can provide improved properties including reducing the photoreactivity of the titanium dioxide. Metal oxide coatings of alumina, aluminasilica, boria and zirconia result in a positive charged surface of the TiO₂ pigments and hence are particularly useful in combination with the cationic stabilised capsules of the invention because no additional surface treatment of the pigment is required.

Commercial examples of such coated titanium dioxides include R700 (alumina-coated, available from E.I. DuPont deNemours, Wilmington Del.), RDI-S (alumina-coated, available from Kemira Industrial Chemicals, Helsinki, Finland), R706 (available from DuPont, Wilmington Del.) and W-6042 (a silica alumina treated nano grade titanium dioxide from Tayco Corporation, Osaka Japan).

The pre-treatment liquid may contain at least one pH adjuster. Suitable pH adjusters include organic amines, NaOH, KOH, NEt₃, NH₃, HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄. In a preferred embodiment, the pre-treatment liquid has a pH lower than 7. A pH of 7 or less can advantageously influence the electrostatic stabilization of the capsules, especially when the dispersing groups of the nanocaps are amines.

The pre-treatment liquid may also contain an optothermal converting agent, which may be any suitable compound absorbing in the wavelength range of emission by an infrared light source. The optothermal converting agent is preferably an infrared dye as this allows easy handling into the inkjet ink. The infrared dye may be included into the aqueous medium, but is preferably included in the core of the capsule. In the latter, the heat transfer is usually much more effective.

Suitable examples of infrared dyes are disclosed in [0179] of WO2015158649. The one or more optothermal converting agents are preferably present in the range of 0.1 to 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the pre-tretment liquid.

B.2. Aqueous Inkjet Ink.

The aqueous inkjet ink according to the present invention includes at least a) an aqueous medium; and b) capsules composed of a polymeric shell surrounding a core; wherein the capsules are dispersed in the aqueous medium and wherein the capsule comprises an akoxysilane covalently bonded to the shell and preferably a chemical reactant capable of forming a reaction product upon application of light and/or heat, more preferably a thermal curing compound, most preferably a blocked isocyanate.

The capsules are preferably present in the inkjet ink in amount of no more than 27 wt %, preferably between 5 and 25 wt % based on the total weight of the inkjet ink. It was observed that above 27 wt % jetting was not always so reliable.

The inkjet ink can be a colourless inkjet ink for use as a primer, sometimes called pre-treatment liquid or a varnish, but preferably the inkjet ink contains at least one colourant.

In a preferred embodiment, the inkjet ink according to the invention is part of an inkjet ink set, more preferably part of a multi colour inkjet ink set including a plurality of inkjet inks according to the invention. The inkjet ink set preferably includes at least a cyan inkjet ink, a magenta inkjet ink, a yellow inkjet ink and a black inkjet ink. Such a CMYK-inkjet ink set may also be extended with extra inks such as red, green, blue, violet and/or orange to further enlarge the colour gamut of the image. The inkjet ink set may also be extended by the combination of the full density inkjet inks with light density inkjet inks. The combination of dark and light colour inks and/or black and grey inks improves the image quality by a lowered graininess.

The inkjet ink set may also include a varnish for improving the gloss on certain substrates like textiles.

In a preferred embodiment, the inkjet ink set also includes a white inkjet ink. This allows obtaining more brilliant colours, especially on transparent substrates and on textile fabrics, where the white inkjet ink can be applied either as a primer or on top of the colour inkjet inks when the image is viewed through the transparent substrate.

The viscosity of the inkjet ink is preferably smaller than 25 mPa·s at 25° C. and at a shear rate of 90 s⁻¹, more preferably between 2 and 15 mPa·s at 25° C. and at a shear rate of 90 s⁻¹.

The surface tension of the inkjet ink is preferably in the range of about 18 mN/m to about 70 mN/m at 25° C., more preferably in the range of about 20 mN/m to about 40 mN/m at 25° C.

The inkjet ink may also contain at least one surfactant for obtaining good spreading characteristics on a substrate.

B.2.1. Solvent

The aqueous medium of the ink contains water, but may preferably include one or more water-soluble organic solvents. Suitable solvents are described in § A.S.

B.2.2. Pigments

The pigments of the ink may be black, white, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, orange, violet, blue, green, brown, mixtures thereof, and the like. A colour pigment may be chosen from those disclosed by HERBST, Willy, et al. Industrial Organic Pigments, Production, Properties, Applications. 3rd edition. Wiley—VCH, 2004. ISBN 3527305769.

Suitable pigments are disclosed in paragraphs [0128] to [0138] of WO 2008/074548.

The pigment particles are dispersed in an aqueous medium by means of a polymeric dispersant or a surfactant. Self-dispersible pigments may also be used. If combined with capsules having anionic dispersing groups, anionic surfactants may be preferably used as dispersant for the pigment. If combined with capsules having cationic dispersing groups, cationic surfactants may be preferably used as dispersant for the pigment. The latter prevents interaction of the polymeric dispersant with the dispersing groups of capsules which may be included in the inkjet ink (see below), since dispersion stability of the pigment is accomplished by the same technique of electrostatic stabilization as employed for the capsules.

A self-dispersible pigment is a pigment having on its surface covalently bonded anionic hydrophilic groups, such as salt-forming groups or the same groups used as dispersing groups for the capsules, that allow the pigment to be dispersed in an aqueous medium without using a surfactant or a resin. Suitable commercially available self-dispersible colour pigments are, for example, the CAB-O-JET™ inkjet colorants from CABOT.

Pigment particles in inkjet inks should be sufficiently small to permit free flow of the ink through the inkjet-printing device, especially at the ejecting nozzles. It is also desirable to use small particles for maximum colour strength and to slow down sedimentation.

The average pigment particle size is preferably between 0.050 and 1 μm, more preferably between 0.070 and 0.300 μm and particularly preferably between 0.080 and 0.200 μm. Most preferably, the numeric average pigment particle size is no larger than 0.150 μm. The average particle size of pigment particles is determined with a Brookhaven Instruments Particle Sizer BI90plus based upon the principle of dynamic light scattering. The ink is diluted with ethyl acetate to a pigment concentration of 0.002 wt %. The measurement settings of the B190plus are: 5 runs at 23° C., angle of 90°, wavelength of 635 nm and graphics=correction function.

However for white pigment inkjet inks, the numeric average particle diameter of the white pigment is the same as described in § B.1.

Suitable white pigments are given by Table 2 in [0116] of WO 2008/074548. The white pigment is preferably a pigment with a refractive index greater than 1.60. The white pigments may be employed singly or in combination. Preferably titanium dioxide is used as pigment with a refractive index greater than 1.60. Suitable titanium dioxide pigments are those disclosed in [0117] and in [0118] of WO 2008/074548.

Also special colorants may be used, such as fluorescent pigments for special effects in clothing, and metallic pigments for printing a luxury look of silver and gold colours on textiles.

Suitable polymeric dispersants for the pigments are copolymers of two monomers but they may contain three, four, five or even more monomers. The properties of polymeric dispersants depend on both the nature of the monomers and their distribution in the polymer. Copolymeric dispersants preferably have the following polymer compositions:

-   -   statistically polymerized monomers (e.g. monomers A and B         polymerized into ABBAABAB);     -   alternating polymerized monomers (e.g. monomers A and B         polymerized into ABABABAB);     -   gradient (tapered) polymerized monomers (e.g. monomers A and B         polymerized into AAABAABBABBB);     -   block copolymers (e.g. monomers A and B polymerized into         AAAAABBBBBB) wherein the block length of each of the blocks (2,         3, 4, 5 or even more) is important for the dispersion capability         of the polymeric dispersant;     -   graft copolymers (graft copolymers consist of a polymeric         backbone with polymeric side chains attached to the backbone);         and     -   mixed forms of these polymers, e.g. blocky gradient copolymers.         Suitable dispersants are DISPERBYKTM dispersants available from         BYK CHEMIE, JONCRYLTM dispersants available from JOHNSON         POLYMERS and SOLSPERSETM dispersants available from Lubrisol. A         detailed list of non-polymeric as well as some polymeric         dispersants is disclosed by MC CUTCHEON. Functional Materials,         North American Edition. Glen Rock,N.J.: Manufacturing         Confectioner Publishing Co., 1990. p. 110-129.

The polymeric dispersant has preferably a number average molecular weight Mn between 500 and 30000, more preferably between 1500 and 10000.

The polymeric dispersant has preferably a weight average molecular weight Mw smaller than 100,000, more preferably smaller than 50,000 and most preferably smaller than 30,000.

The pigments are preferably present in the range of 0.01 to 20%, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 10% by weight and most preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5% by weight, each based on the total weight of the inkjet ink. For white inkjet inks, the white pigment is preferably present in an amount of 3% to 40% by weight of the inkjet ink, and more preferably 5% to 35%. An amount of less than 3% by weight cannot achieve sufficient covering power.

B.2.3. Resin

The ink jet ink composition according to the invention may further comprise a resin. The resin is often added to the ink jet ink formulation to achieve a good adhesion of the pigment to the fibres of the textile fabric. The resin is a polymer and suitable resins can be acrylic based resins, a urethane-modified polyester resin or a polyethylene wax.

The polyurethane resin may be incorporated in the ink formulation as a dispersion and may be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyurethane dispersions, aromatic polyurethane dispersions, anionic polyurethane dispersions, non-ionic polyurethane dispersions, aliphatic polyester polyurethane dispersions, aliphatic polycarbonate polyurethane dispersions, aliphatic acrylic modified polyurethane dispersions, aromatic polyester polyurethane dispersions, aromatic polycarbonate polyurethane dispersions, aromatic acrylic modified polyurethane dispersions, for example, or a combination of two or more of the above.

A preferred urethane resin to be used as dispersion in the ink of the invention is a polyester resin including a structural unit containing a urethane bond. Among such resins, a water-soluble or water-dispersible urethane-modified polyester resin is preferred. It is preferable that the urethane-modified polyester resin include at least one structural unit derived from a hydroxyl group-containing polyester resin (polyester polyol) and at least one structural unit derived from an organic polyisocyanate.

Furthermore, the hydroxyl group-containing polyester resin is a resin formed by an esterification reaction or transesterification reaction between at least one polybasic acid component and at least one polyhydric alcohol component.

A preferred polyurethane resin which may be included in the ink of the invention is a polyurethane resin obtainable by reacting a polyester polyol, a polyether diol, a polyol containing an anionic group and a polyisocyanate. A particular preferred polyurethane resin is a polyurethane resin obtainable by reacting a polyester polyol, a polyether diol, a polyol containing an anionic group and a polyisocyanate, and wherein the polyester polyol is obtained by reacting an aromatic polycarboxylic acid and a polyol. Examples of suitable polyurethane resins and their preparations are disclosed in the unpublished patent application EP16196224.6.

Some examples of suitable polyurethane dispersions are NEOREZ R-989, NEOREZ R-2005, and NEOREZ R-4000 (DSM NeoResins); BAYHYDROL UH 2606, BAYHYDROL UH XP 2719, BAYHYDROL UH XP 2648, and BAYHYDROL UA XP 2631 (Bayer Material Science); DAOTAN VTW 1262/35WA, DAOTAN VTW 1265/36WA, DAOTAN VTW 1267/36WA, DAOTAN VTW 6421/42WA, DAOTAN VTW 6462/36WA (Cytec Engineered Materials Inc., Anaheim Calif.); and SANCURE 2715, SANCURE 20041, SANCURE 2725 (Lubrizol Corporation), for example, or a combination of two or more of the above.

Acrylic based resins include polymers of acrylic monomers, polymers of methacrylic monomers, and copolymers of the aforementioned monomers with other monomers. These resins are present as a suspension of particles having an average diameter of about 30 nm to about 300 nm. The acrylic latex polymer is formed from acrylic monomers or methacrylic monomer residues. Examples of monomers of the acrylic latex polymer include, by way of illustration, acrylic monomers, such as, for example, acrylate esters, acrylamides, and acrylic acids, and methacrylic monomers, such as, for example, methacrylate esters, methacrylamides, and methacrylic acids. The acrylic latex polymer may be a homopolymer or copolymer of an acrylic monomer and another monomer such as, for example, a vinyl aromatic monomer including, but not limited to, styrene, styrene butadiene, p-chloromethylstyrene, divinyl benzene, vinyl naphthalene and divinylnaphthalene

Some examples of suitable acrylic latex polymer suspensions are, JONCRYL 537 and JONCRYL 538 (BASF Corporation, Port ArthurTX); CARBOSET GA-2111, CARBOSET CR-728, CARBOSET CR-785, CARBOSET CR-761, CARBOSET CR-763, CARBOSET CR-765, CARBOSET CR-715, and CARBOSET GA-4028 (Lubrizol Corporation); NEOCRYL A-1110, NEOCRYL A-1131, NEOCRYL A-2091, NEOCRYL A-1127, NEOCRYL XK-96, and NEOCRYL XK-14 (DSM); and BAYHYDROL AH XP 2754, BAYHYDROL AH XP 2741, BAYHYDROL A 2427, and BAYHYDROL A2651 (Bayer), for example, or a combination of two or more of the above.

The concentration of the resin in the ink jet ink according to the invention is at least 1 (wt.)% and preferably lower than 30 (wt.)%, more preferably lower than 20 (wt.)%.

B.2.3. Additives

The aqueous inkjet ink may further comprise a surfactant, a humectant and a thickener as an additive. These suitable additives are described in § B.1.

C. Inkjet Printing Method

Printing methods using liquids such a pre-treatment liquids for textile printing or aqueous inkjet inks for colour printing on a substrate and includes at least the steps of: a) jetting the liquid comprising the dispersion of the capsules according to the invention onto a substrate; and b) applying heat to melt or soften the polymeric shell and/or activate the thermal curing compound, more preferably the blocked isocyanate in the capsule.

In a digital textile printing process of the invention, the textile fabric used is made of one type of fibre or blended fibre of two or more selected from the group consisting of cotton, hemp, rayon fibre, acetate fibre, silk, nylon fibre, and polyester fibre. The fabric may be in any form, for example, a woven, knitted, or nonwoven form of the above-mentioned fibres.

In a first step of the digital textile printing method, a pre-treatment liquid containing a flocculant is preferably applied to the fabric by spraying, coating, or pad printing. Alternatively, the pre-treatment liquid may also be applied to fabric using an ink jet head or valve jet head. These last means of applying the pre-treatment liquid has the advantage that the amount of required pre-treatment liquid is substantially lower than with the other application methods. By means of an ink jet head, it is possible to apply the pre-treatment liquid onto areas of the fabric where the image should be printed.

Preferably the pre-treatment liquid comprises the dispersion of nanocapsules according to the invention. More preferably, the nanocapsules wherein the polymeric shell further contains cationic dispersing groups is to be used in the pre-treatment liquid. When the pre-treatment agent is applied to fabric with an ink jet head, the particle diameter of the nanocapsules is preferably in the range 50 nm to 1 μm when determined by light scattering. A particle diameter larger than 1 μm tends to cause a deterioration in stability of jetting from the ink jet head. The particle diameter is more preferably 500 nm or less. Suitable ink jet head types for applying the pre-treatment liquid are piezoelectric type, continuous type, thermal print head type or valve jet type. Preferable capsules are the one with a core comprising a thermally reactive crosslinker and stabilised with cationic dispersing groups.

Fabric to which the pre-treatment liquid has been applied may be dried and optionally undergo a heat treatment, before the subsequent ink jetting step with colorant containing ink. The heat treatment is preferably at 110 to 200° C., more preferably 130 to 160° C. Heating at 110° C. or higher enables the polymeric shell and/or thermally reactive crosslinker in the core of the nanoparticle to be fixed to the fibres of the fabric. Examples of the heating process include, but are not limited to, heat press, atmospheric steaming, high-pressure steaming, and THERMOFIX. Any heat source can be used for the heating process; for example, an infrared ray lamp is employed.

After the application of the pre-treatment liquid of the textile fabric, a coloured image may be jetted by means of an aqueous inkjet ink containing a pigment. Preferably the inkjet ink may further comprise the dispersion of the nanocapsules according to the invention.

After the ink jetting step, the printed fabric is dried and heated. If the heating step after the pre-treatment did not occur (see above), the heating step of the printed fabric is required. The drying step can be performed at the air, but the heating step must be performed by using heat sources; examples include equipment for forced-air heating, radiation heating such as IR-radiation, including NIR- and CIR radiation, conduction heating, high-frequency drying, and microwave drying. The drying step of the fabric is carried at a temperature preferably below 150° C., more preferably below 100° C., most preferably below 80° C. The heating step is preferably at 110 to 200° C., more preferably 130 to 160° C.

Another embodiment of the inkjet printing method according to the present invention includes at least the steps of: a) jetting an inkjet ink comprising a colorant and the dispersion of the nanocapsules of the invention onto a substrate; and b) applying heat to melt or soften the polymeric shell and/or activate the blocked isocyanates in the capsule. Suitable substrates are textile fabrics, leather, glass, ceramic, metallic, glass, wood, paper or polymeric surfaces. The substrate may also be primed, e.g. by a white ink.

The substrate may be porous, as e.g. textile, paper and card board substrates, or substantially non-absorbing substrates such as e.g. a plastic substrate having a polyethylene terephthalate surface.

Preferred substrates including surfaces of polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters like polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polylactide (PLA) and polyimide.

The substrate may also be a paper substrate, such as plain paper or resin coated paper, e.g. polyethylene or polypropylene coated paper. There is no real limitation on the type of paper and it includes newsprint paper, magazine paper, office paper, wallpaper but also paper of higher grammage, usually referred to as boards, such as white lined chipboard, corrugated board and packaging board.

The substrates may be transparent, translucent or opaque. Preferred opaque substrates includes so-called synthetic paper, like the SynapslM grades from Agfa-Gevaert which are an opaque polyethylene terephthalate sheet having a density of 1.10 g/cm³ or more.

A preferred ink jet head for the inkjet printing system is a piezoelectric ink jet head. Piezoelectric inkjet jetting is based on the movement of a piezoelectric ceramic transducer when a voltage is applied thereto. The application of a voltage changes the shape of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer in the print head creating a void, which is then filled with ink. When the voltage is again removed, the ceramic expands to its original shape, ejecting a drop of ink from the ink jet head. However the jetting of the ink according to the present invention is not restricted to piezoelectric inkjet printing. Other inkjet print heads can be used and include various types, such as a continuous type, a thermal print head type and a valve jet type.

If an optothermal converting agent is present in the nanocapsules of the invention, the heating mains may be a suitable light source. If the optothermal converting agent consists of one or more infrared dyes, an infrared light source is used. Any infrared light source may be used, as long as at least part of the emitted light is suitable for activating the thermally reactive crosslinker. The infrared curing means may include an infrared laser, an infrared laser diode, infrared LEDs or a combination thereof.

EXAMPLES

1. Materials

All compounds are supplied by TCI Europe unless otherwise specified.

-   -   Desmodur N75 BA is a trifunctional isocyanate supplied by Bayer         AG.     -   Trixene B17963 is a malonate blocked isocyanate supplied by         Baxenden Chemicals LTD).     -   Diamond D75 is a magenta dispersion supplied by Diamond         Dispersions.     -   Ink jet agenta E 02 is a PR122 supplied by Clariant.     -   PROXEL Kis a 5 w % solution of CASRN127553-58-6 in water.     -   Edaplan 490 is a polymeric dispersing agent supplied by Munzing         Chemie GMBH.     -   Edaplan 492 is a polymeric dispersing agent supplied by Munzing         Chemie GMBH.     -   Disperbyk 2015 is a polymeric dispersing agent supplied by BYK         Chemie GMBH.     -   Tego Dispers 750 is a polymeric dispersing agent supplied by         Evonik Industries.     -   Metolat 390 is a polymeric dispersing agent supplied by Munzing         Chemie GMBH.     -   MNDA is methyldiethanol amine, supplied by Aldrich     -   SURF-1 is a reactive anionic surfactant, prepared as described         below.

67.5 g (0.25 mol) stearyl amine and 55 g (0.265 mol) 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid were added to 470 ml water. 32 g of a 30 w % sodium hydroxide solution (0.264 mol) and 35 g n.-butanol were added and the mixture was refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down and the conversion was determined using quantitative TLC no TLC Silica Gel 60 RP-18, using MeOH/water/0.5 M sodium chloride (9/5/5) as eluent and ninhydrine as detection reagent. The conversion of stearyl amine to SURF-1 was 85%. (R_(f) SURF-1: 0.42). The mixture was evaporated and SURF-1 was used in the preparation of nanocapsules without further purification.

2. Synthesis and Evaluation of Aqueous Dispersions of Capsules of the Invention.

Example 1

Preparation of aqueous dispersions of capsules, was as follows:

I NVCAP-1:

A solution of 22 g Desmodur N75 BA and 23 g Trixene BI7963 in 40 ml ethyl acetate was prepared and added to a solution of 1 g lysine, 3.5 g SURF-1 and 1.5 g triethanol amine in 75 ml water while stirring for 5 minutes using an Ultra-Turrax at a rotation speed of 18000 rpm. An additional 85 g water was added followed by the addition of 1 g triethylamine while continuously stirring. A solution of 2.2 g aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and 1 g triethyl amine in 30 ml water was prepared and added to the previously prepared emulsion, while continuously stirring. The mixture was stirred for an additional 10 minutes. The ethyl acetate was evaporated at 60° C. under reduced pressure, while gradually increasing the vacuum from 500 mbar to 120 mbar. The weight of the dispersion was adjusted to 145 g by evaporating water at 120 mbar. The dispersion was stirred for 16 hours at 65° C. The dispersion was allowed to cool down to room temperature and the dispersion was filtered over a 1.6 μm filter.

The average particle size was measured using a Zetasizer™ Nano-S (Malvern Instruments, Goffin Meyvis). The average particle size was 216 nm.

COMPCAP-1:

A solution of 22 g Desmodur N75 BA and 23 g Trixene B17963 in 40 ml ethyl acetate was prepared and added to a solution of 2 g lysine and 3.5 g SURF-1 in 75 ml water while stirring for 5 minutes using an Ultra-Turrax at a rotation speed of 18000 rpm. An additional 85 g water was added. The ethyl acetate was evaporated at 60° C. under reduced pressure, while gradually increasing the vacuum from 500 mbar to 120 mbar. The weight of the dispersion was adjusted to 145 g by evaporating water at 120 mbar. The dispersion was stirred for 16 hours at 65° C. The dispersion was allowed to cool down to room temperature and the dispersion was filtered over a 1.6 μm filter.

The average particle size was measured using a Zetasizer™ Nano-S (Malvern Instruments, Goffin Meyvis). The average particle size was 200 nm.

Preparation of Aqueous Inkjet Inks Comprising the Above Prepared Capsules.

The inventive ink INV-1 and comparative ink COMP-1 were prepared by mixing the components according to Table 2. All weight percentages are based on the total weight of the ink jet ink.

TABLE 2 Wt. % of INV-1 COMP-1 INVCAP-1 40 — COMPCAP-1 — 40 Diamond D75 M 25 25 glycerol 17 17 1,2-propane diol 17 17 MDEA 1 1

The inventive ink INV-1 and comparative ink COMP-1 were stored at 60° C. and the viscosity was monitored in function of time. The gel time, defined as the time needed to triple the viscosity, was measured for each sample. The gel time of inventive ink INV-1 was 10 days while the comparative ink COMP-1 had a gel time of 4 days, illustrating the increased storage stability by integrating a silanol containing compound or condensation product thereof into the shell of the nanocapsules.

Example 2

Preparation of Aqueous Dispersions of Capsules, was as Follows:

INVCAP-2:

A solution of 22 g Desmodur N75 BA and 23 g Trixene BI7963 in 40 ml ethyl acetate was prepared and added to a solution of 1 g lysine, 3 g SURF-1 and 1.5 g triethanol amine in 80 ml water while stirring for 5 minutes using an Ultra-Turrax at a rotation speed of 18000 rpm. An additional 85 g water was added followed by the addition of 1 g triethylamine while continuously stirring. A solution of 4 g aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 0.8 g of a 30 w % NaOH in water and 2 g triethyl amine in 40 ml water was prepared and added at 5° C. to the previously prepared emulsion, while continuously stirring. The mixture was stirred for an additional 10 minutes. The ethyl acetate was evaporated at 60° C. under reduced pressure, while gradually increasing the vacuum from 500 mbar to 120 mbar. The weight of the dispersion was adjusted to 145 g by evaporating water at 120 mbar. The dispersion was stirred for 16 hours at 65° C. The dispersion was allowed to cool down to room temperature and the dispersion was filtered over a 1.6 μm filter.

The average particle size was measured using a ZetasizerTM Nano-S (Malvern Instruments, Goffin Meyvis). The average particle size was 210 nm.

INVCAP-3:

A solution of 22 g Desmodur N75 BA and 23 g Trixene BI7963 in 40 ml ethyl acetate was prepared and added to a solution of 1 g lysine, 3 g SURF-1 and 1.5 g triethanol amine in 80 ml water while stirring for 5 minutes using an Ultra-Turrax at a rotation speed of 18000 rpm. An additional 85 g water was added followed by the addition of 1 g triethylamine while continuously stirring. A solution of 4 g aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 1.3 g N,N-bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] amine, 0.8 g of a 30 w % NaOH in water and 2 g triethyl amine in 40 ml water was prepared and added at 5° C. to the previously prepared emulsion, while continuously stirring. The mixture was stirred for an additional 10 minutes. The ethyl acetate was evaporated at 60° C. under reduced pressure, while gradually increasing the vacuum from 500 mbar to 120 mbar. The weight of the dispersion was adjusted to 145 g by evaporating water at 120 mbar. The dispersion was stirred for 16 hours at 65° C. The dispersion was allowed to cool down to room temperature and the dispersion was filtered over a 1.6 μm filter.

The average particle size was measured using a Zetasizer™ Nano-S (Malvern Instruments, Goffin Meyvis). The average particle size was 235 nm.

COMPCAP-2:

A solution of 22 g Desmodur N75 BA and 23 g Trixene BI7963 in 40 ml ethyl acetate was prepared and added to a solution of 1 g lysine, 3 g SURF-1 and 1.5 g triethanol amine in 80 ml water while stirring for 5 minutes using an Ultra-Turrax at a rotation speed of 18000 rpm. An additional 85 g water was added followed by the addition of 1 g triethylamine while continuously stirring. A solution of 0.8 g of a 30 w % NaOH in water and 2 g triethyl amine in 85 ml water was prepared and added at 5° C. to the previously prepared emulsion, while continuously stirring. The mixture was stirred for an additional 10 minutes. The ethyl acetate was evaporated at 60° C. under reduced pressure, while gradually increasing the vacuum from 500 mbar to 120 mbar. The weight of the dispersion was adjusted to 145 g by evaporating water at 120 mbar. The dispersion was stirred for 16 hours at 65° C. The dispersion was allowed to cool down to room temperature and the dispersion was filtered over a 1.6 μm filter.

The average particle size was measured using a Zetasizer™ Nano-S (Malvern Instruments, Goffin Meyvis). The average particle size was 215 nm.

Preparation of Pigment Dispersions was as Follows:

DISPMAG-1:

A concentrated pigment dispersion was made by mixing the components according to Table 3 for 30 minutes using a TM disperser from DISPERLUX S.A.R.L., Luxembourg. The dispersion was then milled using a Netzsch zeta-mill filled with 0.4 mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (“high wear resistant zirconia grinding media” from TOSOH Co.). The mixture was circulated over the mill for 150 minutes at a tip speed of 10.4 m/s. After milling, the concentrated pigment dispersion was discharged over a 1 μm filter into a vessel. The wt. % in Table 3 is based on the total weight of the pigment dispersion.

TABLE 3 Component Wt. % Ink Jet Magenta E 02 15 Edaplan 490 37.5 PROXEL K 0.5 water 47

DISPMAG-2

The concentrated pigment dispersion DISPMAG-2 was prepared in the same manner as described above for DISPMAG-1 except that the ingredients used were according to Table 4.

TABLE 4 Component Wt. % Ink Jet Magenta E 02 15 Edaplan 492 43 PROXEL K 0.5 water 41.5

DISPMAG-3

The concentrated pigment dispersion DISPMAG-3 was prepared in the same manner as described above for DISPMAG-1 except that the ingredients used were according to Table 5.

TABLE 5 Component Wt. % Ink Jet Magenta E 02 15 Disperbyk 2015 37.5 PROXEL K 0.5 water 47

DISPMAG-4

The concentrated pigment dispersion DISPMAG-4 was prepared in the same manner as described above for DISPMAG-1 except that the ingredients used were according to Table 6.

TABLE 6 Component Wt. % Ink Jet Magenta E 02 15 Tego Dispers 750 W 37.5 PROXEL K 0.5 water 47

DISPMAG-5

The concentrated pigment dispersion DISPMAG-5 was prepared in the same manner as described above for DISPMAG-1 except that the ingredients used were according to Table 7.

TABLE 7 Component Wt. % Ink Jet Magenta E 02 15 Metolat 390 13.5 PROXEL K 0.5 water 71

DISPMAG-6

The concentrated pigment dispersion DISPMAG-6 was prepared in the same manner as described above for DISPMAG-1 except that the ingredients used were according to Table 8.

TABLE 8 Component Wt. % Ink Jet Magenta E 02 15 Disperbyk 2015 18.75 PROXEL K 0.5 water 65.75

Preparation of the Aqueous Inkjet Inks

The inventive inks INV-2 to INV-7 were prepared by mixing the components according to Table 9. All weight percentages are based on the total weight of the ink jet ink.

TABLE 9 Wt. % of INV-2 INV-3 INV-4 INV-5 INV-6 INV-7 INVCAP-2 40 40 40 40 40 40 DISPMAG-1 25 — — — — — DISPMAG-2 — 25 — — — — DISPMAG-3 — — 25 — — — DISPMAG-4 — — — 25 — — DISPMAG-5 — — — — 25 — DISPMAG-6 — — — — — 25 1,2-propane 17 17 17 17 17 17 diol Glycerol 17 17 17 17 17 17 MDEA  1  1  1  1  1  1

The inventive inks INV-8 to INV-13 were prepared by mixing the components according to Table 10. All weight percentages are based on the total weight of the ink jet ink.

TABLE 10 Wt. % of INV-8 INV-9 INV-10 INV-11 INV-12 INV-13 INVCAP-3 40 40 40 40 40 40 DISPMAG-1 25 — — — — — DISPMAG-2 — 25 — — — — DISPMAG-3 — — 25 — — — DISPMAG-4 — — — 25 — — DISPMAG-5 — — — — 25 — DISPMAG-6 — — — — — 25 1,2-propane 17 17 17 17 17 17 diol Glycerol 17 17 17 17 17 17 MDEA  1  1  1  1  1  1

The comparative inks COMP-2 to COMP-7 were prepared by mixing the components according to Table 11. All weight percentages are based on the total weight of the ink jet ink.

TABLE 11 COMP- COMP- COMP- COMP- COMP- COMP- Wt. % of 2 3 4 5 6 7 COMPCAP-2 40 40 40 40 40 40 DISPMAG-1 25 — — — — — DISPMAG-2 — 25 — — — — DISPMAG-3 — — 25 — — — DISPMAG-4 — — — 25 — — DISPMAG-5 — — — — 25 — DISPMAG-6 — — — — — 25 1,2-propane 17 17 17 17 17 17 diol Glycerol 17 17 17 17 17 17 MDEA  1  1  1  1  1  1

Results of Storage Stability Tests:

The inventive inks INV-2 to INV-13 and comparative inks COMP-2 to COMP-7 were stored at 60° C. and the viscosity was monitored in function of time. The gel time, defined as the time needed to triple the viscosity, was measured for each sample. Table 12 shows the results of the storage stability test.

TABLE 12 INV- INV- INV- INV- INV- INV- 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gel time (days) 7 7 7 7 7 12 INV- INV- INV- INV- INV- INV- 8 9 10 11 12 13 Gel time (days) 7 7 7 7 7 7 COMP- COMP- COMP- COMP- COMP- COMP- 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gel time (days) <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

From Table 12, it becomes apparent that the inks comprising the capsules according to the present invention, are significantly more stable compared to the comparative capsule inks comprising the comparative capsules. 

1-13. (canceled)
 14. An aqueous dispersion of a capsule comprising a polymeric shell surrounding a core, the core comprising one or more chemical reactants capable of forming a reaction product upon application of heat and/or light, the polymeric shell comprising a polymer and either a silanol containing compound or a condensation product of a silanol containing compound, and wherein the silanol containing compound or the condensation product is covalently bonded to the polymer of the polymeric shell.
 15. The aqueous dispersion of claim 14, wherein the silanol containing compound is an alkoxysilane according to Formula I or the condensation product is derived from an alkoxysilane according to Formula I

wherein R₁ is a structural moiety comprising a functional group capable of reacting with the shell polymer, and R₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
 16. The aqueous dispersion of claim 15, wherein the functional group is an amine, a thiol, a hydroxyl group, or an isocyanate.
 17. The aqueous dispersion of claim 14, wherein the one or more chemical reactants is a thermal curing compound.
 18. The aqueous dispersion of claim 15, wherein the one or more chemical reactants is a thermal curing compound.
 19. The aqueous dispersion of claim 17, wherein the thermal curing compound is a blocked isocyanate.
 20. The aqueous dispersion of claim 18, wherein the thermal curing compound is a blocked isocyanate.
 21. The aqueous dispersion of claim 14, wherein the polymeric shell includes a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyureas, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes, melamine based polymers, and mixtures thereof.
 22. The aqueous dispersion of claim 15, wherein the polymeric shell includes a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyureas, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes, melamine based polymers, and mixtures thereof.
 23. The aqueous dispersion of claim 14, wherein a dispersing group is covalently bonded to the polymeric shell and the dispersing group is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid ester or a salt thereof, a phosphonic acid or a salt thereof, and mixtures thereof.
 24. The aqueous dispersion of claim 15, wherein a dispersing group is covalently bonded to the polymeric shell and the dispersing group is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid ester or a salt thereof, a phosphonic acid or a salt thereof, and mixtures thereof.
 25. An aqueous inkjet ink comprising a pigment and the dispersion of claim
 14. 26. An aqueous inkjet ink comprising a pigment and the dispersion of claim
 15. 27. An aqueous inkjet ink comprising a pigment and the dispersion of claim
 24. 28. An aqueous pre-treatment liquid for textile printing comprising the dispersion of claim 14 and a flocculant.
 29. A fluid set for textile printing comprising an aqueous pre-treatment liquid comprising a flocculant and the aqueous inkjet ink of claim
 25. 30. A fluid set for textile printing comprising an aqueous pre-treatment liquid comprising a flocculant and the aqueous inkjet ink of claim
 26. 31. A fluid set for textile printing comprising an aqueous pre-treatment liquid comprising a flocculant and the aqueous inkjet ink as defined of claim
 27. 32. An inkjet printing method including the steps of: a) jetting the inkjet ink of claim 25 on a substrate to obtain an image; and b) heating the jetted image to a temperature of about 110° C. to about 200° C. 